Messerschmitt Bf 110
| Bf 110 | |
|---|---|
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| Bf 110 of Nachtjagdgeschwader 4 (NJG 4) | |
| Role | Heavy fighter/Ground-attack aircraft/Fighter-bomber/Night fighter |
| Manufacturer | Bayerische Flugzeugwerke Messerschmitt |
| Designer | Willy Messerschmitt |
| First flight | 12 May 1936 |
| Introduction | 1937 |
| Retired | 1945 (Luftwaffe) |
| Primary users | Luftwaffe Hungarian Air Force Regia Aeronautica Romanian Air Force |
| Number built | 6,170 [1] |
The Bf 110 served with considerable success in the early campaigns, the Polish, Norwegian and Battle of France. The Bf 110's lack of agility in the air was its primary weakness. This flaw was exposed during the Battle of Britain, when some Bf 110-equipped units were withdrawn from the battle after very heavy losses and redeployed as night fighters, a role to which the aircraft was well suited. The Bf 110 enjoyed a successful period following the Battle of Britain as an air superiority fighter and strike aircraft in other theatres. During the Balkans Campaign, North African Campaign and on the Eastern Front, it rendered valuable ground support to the German Army as a potent fighter-bomber (Jagdbomber or Jabo). Later in the war, it was developed into a formidable night fighter, becoming the major night-fighting aircraft of the Luftwaffe. Most of the German night fighter aces flew the Bf 110 at some point during their combat careers, and the top night fighter ace of all time, Major Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer, flew it exclusively and claimed 121 victories in 164 combat missions.[4]
Contents
- 1 Design and development
- 1.1 Genesis and competition
- 1.2 Early variants
- 1.3 Later production variants
- 1.4 Armament
- 2 Operational service
- 3 Variants
- 4 Operators
- 5 Survivors
- 6 Specifications (Messerschmitt Bf 110 C-4)
- 7 Specifications (Messerschmitt Bf 110 G-2)
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 External links
Design and development
Genesis and competition
Messerschmitt defeated Focke-Wulf, Henschel and Arado, and was given the funds to build several prototype aircraft. The Focke-Wulf design, the Focke-Wulf Fw 57, had a wing span of 25.6 m (84 ft) and was powered by two DB 600 engines. It was armed with two 20 mm MG FF cannons in the nose and a third was positioned in a dorsal turret. The Fw 57 V1 flew in 1936 but its performance was poor and the machine crashed.[6] The Henschel Hs 124 was similar in construction layout to the Fw 57,[6] equipped with two Jumo 210C for the V1. The V2 used the BMW 132Dc radial engines generating 870 PS compared with the 640 PS Jumo. The armament consisted of a single rearward-firing 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 15 machine gun and a single forward-firing 20 mm MG FF cannon.[6]
Messerschmitt omitted the internal bomb load requirement from the RLM directive to increase the armament element of the RLM specification. The Bf 110 was far superior to its rivals in providing the speed, range and firepower to meet its role requirements.[7] By the end of 1935, the Bf 110 had evolved into an all-metal, low-wing cantilever monoplane of semi-monocoque design featuring twin rudders and powered by two DB 600A engines. The design was also fitted with Handley-Page wing slots[7](actually, leading-edge slats).
Early variants
The initial deliveries of the Bf 110 encountered several issues with delivery of the DB 600 motors, which forced Bayerische Flugzeugwerke to install Junkers Jumo 210B engines, leaving the Bf 110 seriously underpowered and able to reach a top speed of only 431 km/h (268 mph). The armament of the A-0 units was also limited to four nose-mounted 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns.
Even without delivery of the DB 600 engines, Bayerische Flugzeugwerke began assembly of the Bf 110 in the summer of 1937. As the DB 600 engines continued to have issues, Bayerische Flugzeugwerke was forced to keep on using Jumo motors, the 210G, which supplied 515 kW (700 PS) each (versus the 471 kW/640 PS supplied by the 210B). Three distinct versions of the Bf 110B were built, the B-1, which featured four 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns and two 20 mm MG FF cannons. The B-2 reconnaissance version, which had a camera in place of the cannons, and the B-3 which was used as a trainer, with the cannons replaced by extra radio equipment. Only 45 Bf 110Bs were built before the Jumo 210G engine production line ended. The major identifier of the A and B 110s was the very large "mouth" bath radiators located under the engine.
In late 1938, the DB 601 B-1 engines became available. With the new engine, the design teams removed the radiators under the engine nacelles and replaced them with water/glycol radiators for the C-series airframes onwards, placing them under the wing just outboard of each nacelle, otherwise similar in installation, appearance and function to those on the Bf 109E. With the DB 601 engine, the Bf 110's maximum speed increased to a respectable 541 km/h (336 mph) with a range of approximately 1,094 km (680 mi). A small oil cooler and airscoop remained under each engine nacelle for the remainder of the Bf 110's production run.
First conceived in the latter half of 1939, the D-series of Bf 110s was targeted to have improvements meant to increase its range. The initial D-series version, the Bf 110D-1 was designed to omit the twin MG FF nose-mount cannon for weight saving and added a large, streamlined 1,050 litre (277 U.S. gallon) integral ventral fuel tank built into the fuselage, which required a substantially sized, conformal streamlined ventral fuselage fairing extending from halfway back under the nose to the rear of the cockpit glazing, inspiring the nickname Dackelbauch (dachshund's belly). The D-1 was also set up to accept a pair of fin-equipped 900 litre (238 U.S. gallon) drop tanks, one under each wing, increasing the total fuel capacity to 4,120 litres (1,088 U.S. gallons). The substantial added drag of the "dachshund's belly" integral ventral fuselage tank in test flights mandated its omission from production D-1s, with the Rüstsatz designation of D-1/R1 given to airframes alternatively fitted to have a ventral rack, accepting a third 900 litre drop tank under the fuselage instead, and retaining the twin MG FF nose-mount cannon in both cases. Later D-2/R2 and D-3 versions retained the twin underwing 900 litre drop tank capability, using multipurpose ordnance racks capable of holding either drop tanks or carrying bombs.[9]
Later production variants
The Bf 110F featured the new DB 601F engines which produced 993 kW/1,350 PS (almost double the power the original Jumo engines provided), which allowed for upgraded armour, strengthening, and increased weight with no loss in performance. Three common versions of the F model existed. Pilots typically felt the Bf 110F to be the best of the 110 line, being fully aerobatic and in some respects smoother to fly than the Bf 109, though not as fast. Eventually 512 Bf 110F models were completed between December 1941 and December 1942, when production gave way to the Bf 110G.[10]
Although the Me 210 entered service in mid-1941, it was withdrawn for further development. There were insufficient aircraft to fully replace the Bf 110, so it remained in service until the end of the war. In the wake of the failure of the Me 210, the Bf 110G was designed.[11] Fitted with the DB 605B engines, producing 1,085 kW (1,475 PS) in "War Emergency" setting, and 997 kW (1,355 PS) at 5.8 km (19,000 ft) altitude, the Bf 110G also underwent some changes which improved the aerodynamics of the aircraft, as well as upgrading the nose armament and moving the rear cockpit access forward from the hinged, "tilt-open" rearmost canopy glazing (which was changed to a differently framed fixed section) to a side/top hinged opening section of the main canopy, opening to port. No Bf 110 G-1 existed, as the Bf 110 G-2 became the baseline Bf 110G and was fitted with a large number of Rüstsätze field conversion packs, making the G subtype the most versatile production version of the Bf 110. The initial batch of six pre-series production G-0 aircraft built in June 1942 followed by 797 G-2, 172 G-3 and 2,293 G-4 models, built between December 1942 and April 1945.[10] Pilots reported the Bf 110G to be a "mixed bag" in the air, in part due to all changes between the G and F series. However the Bf 110G was considered a superior gun platform with excellent all-around visibility, and considered, until the advent of the Heinkel He 219, the Luftwaffe's best night fighters.
Armament
The Bf 110's main strength was its ability to accept unusually powerful air-to-air weaponry. Early versions had four 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns in the upper nose and two 20 mm MG FF/M cannons fitted in the lower part of the nose. Later versions replaced the MG FF/M with the more powerful 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons and many G-series aircraft, especially those which served in the bomber-destroyer role, had two 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannons fitted instead of the MG 17. The defensive armament consisted of a single, flexibly mounted 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 15 machine gun. Late F-series and prototype G-series were upgraded to a 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 81 machine gun with a higher rate of fire and the G-series was equipped with the twin-barreled MG 81Z. Many G-series night fighters were retrofitted or factory-built with the Schräge Musik off-bore gun system, firing upward at an oblique angle for shooting down bombers while passing underneath, frequently equipped with two 20 mm MG FF/M, but field installations of the 20 mm MG 151/20 or 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannons were also utilized. The Schräge Musik weapons were typically mounted to the back of the rear cockpit.The Bf 110 G-2/R1 was also capable of accepting armament such as the Bordkanone series 37 mm (1.46 in) BK 3,7 autofed cannon, mounted in a conformal ventral gun pod under the fuselage. A single hit from this weapon was enough to destroy any Allied bomber.
Operational service
Variants
- Bf 110 A
- Prototypes with two Junkers Jumo 210 engines.
- Bf 110 A-0
- The designation of the first four pre-production aircraft.
- Bf 110 B
- Bf 110 B-0
- First pre-production aircraft, similar to B-1.
- Bf 110 B-1
- Zerstörer, four 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns and two 20 mm MG FF cannons, nose-mounted.
- Bf 110 B-2
- Reconnaissance, both MG FF cannons removed, and various camera models added.
- Bf 110 B-3
- Trainer. MG FF cannons removed, and extra radio gear added. Some war weary B-1 were later refitted as B-3s.
- Bf 110 C
- Bf 110 C-0
- Ten pre-production aircraft.
- Bf 110 C-1
- Zerstörer, DB 601 B-1 engines.
- Bf 110 C-2
- Zerstörer, fitted with FuG 10 radio, upgraded from FuG III.
- Bf 110 C-3
- Zerstörer, upgraded 20 mm MG FFs to MG FF/M.
- Bf 110 C-4
- Zerstörer, upgraded crew armor.
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- Bf 110 C-4/B
- Fighter-bomber based on C-4, fitted with a pair of 250 kg (550 lb) ETC 250 bomb racks and upgraded DB 601 Ba engines.
- Bf 110 C-5
- Reconnaissance version based on C-4, both MG FF removed, and Rb 50/30 camera installed, uprated DB 601P engines.
- Bf 110 C-6
- Experimental Zerstörer, additional single 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 101 cannon in underfuselage mount, DB 601P engines.
- Bf 110 C-7
- Fighter-bomber based on C-4/B, two ETC-500 centerline bomb racks capable of carrying two 500 kg (1,100 lb) bombs, uprated DB 601P engines.
- Bf 110 D
- Bf 110 D-0
- Prototype utilizing C-3 airframes modified with 1,050 L (277 US gal) belly-mounted tank called Dackelbauch ("dachshund's belly" in German).
- Bf 110 D-1
- Long-range Zerstörer, modified C series airframes with Dackelbauch belly tank.
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- Bf 110 D-1/R1
- Long-range Zerstörer, removed Dackelbauch ventral tank and replaced with wing mounted 900 L (240 US gal) drop tanks.
- Bf 110 D-2
- Long-range Zerstörer, two wing-mounted 300 L (80 US gal) drop tanks and centerline mounted 500 kg (1,100 lb) ETC 500 bomb rack.
- Bf 110 D-3
- Long-range Zerstörer, lengthened tail for rescue dingy. Either two wing-mounted 300 L (80 US gal) or 900 L (240 US gal) drop tanks could be fitted. 500 kg (1,100 lb) ETC 500 was optional.
- Bf 110 E
- Bf 110 E-0
- Pre-production version, Daimler-Benz DB 601B engines, pair of ETC50 bomb racks fitted outboard of engines, armament as C-4.
- Bf 110 E-1
- Production version of E-0, DB 601P engines.
- Bf 110 E-2
- DB 601P engines, rear fuselage extension same as for D-3.
- Bf 110 E-3
- Long-range reconnaissance version.
- Bf 110 F
- Bf 110 F-1
- Fighter-bomber.
- Bf 110 F-2
- Long-range Zerstörer, often used against Allied heavy bombers.
- Bf 110 F-3
- Long-range reconnaissance version.
- Bf 110 F-4
- The first real night fighter (specially designed for this usage, 3-crew).
- Bf 110 G
- Bf 110 G-1
- Not built.
- Bf 110 G-2
- Fighter-bomber, fast bomber, destroyer, often used against Allied heavy bombers. (often equipped with rockets).
- Bf 110 G-3
- Long-range reconnaissance version.
- Bf 110 G-4
- Three-crew night fighter, FuG 202/220 Lichtenstein radar, optional Schräge Musik, usually mounted midway down the cockpit with the cannon muzzles barely protruding above the canopy glazing.
- Bf 110 H
Operators
- Soviet Air Force operated a few captured Bf 110s.[12]
Survivors
A replica of a crashed Bf 110 fuselage built as a prop for the television series Monarch of the Glen is on display in the lower station of the Cairngorm Mountain Railway, Scotland.
Specifications (Messerschmitt Bf 110 C-4)
Data from[citation needed]
General characteristics- Crew: 2 (3 for night fighter variants)
- Length: 12.3 m (40 ft 6 in)
- Wingspan: 16.3 m (53 ft 4 in)
- Height: 3.3 m (10 ft 9 in)
- Wing area: 38.8 m² (414 ft²)
- Empty weight: 4,500 kg (9,921 lb)
- Loaded weight: 6,700 kg (14,771 lb)
- Powerplant: 2 × Daimler-Benz DB 601B-1 liquid-cooled inverted V-12, 809 kW (1,085 hp)1,100 PS each
- Maximum speed: 560 km/h (348 mph)
- Range: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)
- Ferry range: 2,800 km (1,750 mi)
- Service ceiling: 10,500 m (35,000 ft)
- Wing loading: 173 kg/m² (35.7 lb/ft²)
- Power/mass: 0.3644 kW/kg (0.155 hp/lb)
- Guns:
- 2 × 20 mm MG FF/M cannons (180 rpg - 3 drums with 60 rpg, cannon were reloaded by rear gunner or radio operator during flight)
- 4 × 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns (1,000 rpg)
- 1 × 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 15 machine guns for defense
Specifications (Messerschmitt Bf 110 G-2)
Data from from Messerschmitt BF 110/Me 210/Me 410: An Illustrated History
General characteristics- Crew: 2 (3 for night fighter variants)
- Length: 12.3 m (40 ft 6 in)
- Wingspan: 16.3 m (53 ft 4 in)
- Height: 3.3 m (10 ft 9 in)
- Wing area: 38.8 m² (414 ft²)
- Loaded weight: 7,790 kg (17,158 lb)
- Powerplant: 2 × Daimler-Benz DB 605B liquid-cooled inverted V-12, 1,085 kW (1,455 HP)1,475 PS each
- Maximum speed: 595 km/h (370 mph)
- Range: 900 km (558 mi) ; 1,300 km (807 mi) with droptanks
- Service ceiling: 11,000 m (36,000 ft)
- Rate of climb: 8 min to 6,000 m (20,000 ft)
- Wing loading: max. 243 kg/m² ()
- Guns:
- 2 × 20 mm MG 151 cannons 750 rounds: 350 rpg + 400 rpg rounds
- 4 × 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns with 1,000 rounds per gun
- 1 × 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 81Z twin machine gun installation in rear cockpit, with 850 rounds per gun
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